The average Windows 10 update, e.g. on Patch Tuesday, will add 1-3 GB to Windows 10's on-disk footprint. As long as you don't run out of space on the drive where Windows lives, those extra files don't matter, but they do make backup archives bigger, which does have negative effects... it takes longer to complete a partition/disk image backup, it takes longer to transfer copies of those backups to additional backup storage [in case the primary storage fails], and the drive(s) where you store backup archives fill up faster.
There are 3 ways to get rid of unneeded update files: Disk Cleanup, Storage Sense, and using the Command Prompt. Note: for the past few months this may not work -- sometimes it won't work with one copy of Windows, while other times I've had it fail on 1/2 dozen & work on one.
To use Disk Cleanup open Windows Explorer, right click on a drive letter, select properties, and on the 1st tab click Disk Cleanup. After a scan with a progress bar, you'll see a window with several options -- click the button to clean up system files. After another, sometime longer scan, the window will reappear with more options -- select [check the boxes] for the ones you want, & click OK. Usually when cleaning up Windows Update files and delivery optimization files are both checked, you'll see an estimated savings of 2-3 GB. Note: Cleanup can take a while.
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You open settings, click System, then click Storage to use Storage Sense. Under Temporary Files, click where it says choose which temporary files to remove. If there's something there to delete, you'll see update &/or delivery optimization files -- again check the boxes for what you want cleared. Note: again cleanup can take a while -- there doesn't seem to be a speed advantage to using one method over another.
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To use the Command Prompt [sometimes called DOS box] right click the Start Button, selecting Command Prompt run as admin, or if your copy of win10 shows Windows Powershell [rather than Command Prompt], go to the Start Menu -> Windows System -> right click Command Prompt, select more, click run as admin.
Type or copy/paste:
dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /AnalyzeComponentStore
press Enter, and you get an analysis of update files to clean or clear.
Type or copy/paste:
dism /online /Cleanup-Image /StartComponentCleanup
Press Enter & it'll clean those files.
Notes: Using the command prompt will not get rid of all those other temporary files listed with the other 2 methods, But, if you use this after cleaning up using one of those 2 methods, you might gain a GB or two of disk space.